Marketing and Management Branding and Targeting

Question: Portray about the Marketing and Management for Branding and Targeting. Answer: Presentation Naming and bundling assumes a significant job in distinguishing the companys items. They will assume a significant job in the improvement of the companys picture and brand with respect to the objective market. On the off chance that an organization neglects to focus on the structure of its marking and bundling, at that point they will diminish their engaging quality and perceivability of the specific item. This at long last will be reflected in the deals. As indicated by D'Souza, et al., (2016), bundling plays four primary capacities in advertising. Most importantly, bundling secures and contains the item. It will advance the item. It will support the customers while they are utilizing the item by permitting them to for instance, reseal in the middle of various employments. Bundling will likewise encourage the reusing of the item and lessen harm of the item to the earth. With regards to marking, D'Souza, et al., (2016), adds that they have to convey the proposed messages of the item. Through marking the organization can clarify the advantages offered in the item that probably won't be equivalent to that of the contenders. For instance, the name will show value rebate or included substance. Through naming an organization can create brand altruism with time. This is finished by demonstrating clients the amount one offers in their qualities (CFP Katz, 2014). For instance, it can contain pictures of upbeat families, sound youngsters or a perfect domain. Every one of these messages can address various clients in various manners. Through marking, the item is likewise ready to satisfy its lawful commitments by demonstrating that it has passed the agency of guidelines and that it is ok for human utilization. The producer is likewise ready to distribute wellbeing and nourishing data with respect to the item. This is significant as it empowers the client to ag ree to the item knowing admirably what the elements of the items are. The item will likewise have a Universal Product Code particularly when it is sold in high volume retailers. Showcasing through marking and Packaging In showcasing, marking and bundling makes the item stand apart from other comparative items. For instance, a shading plan or remarkable logo will help separate your item from those of contenders. This will likewise have the option to shape the item bundling. It is essential to consider the shading plans and messages being put over. For instance, brilliant hues will stand out and attract the client to the item (Klein, 2006). This will be particular when contenders have dull hues in the items. Be that as it may, the inverse ought to be the situation and the other way around. In Australia a few organizations utilize reasonable structures to separate themselves from brilliant shading, mass intrigue of the items in any event, when on a similar rack as the rest. With regards to for all intents and purposes, naming and bundling will draw in clients particularly will contenders are utilizing resealable bundling for their items (Porter, 2008). Purchaser will support such items over the for all time sealable ones since it has functional advantages. At the point when the bundling is badly designed it will probably influence the deals of the item. Thirdly, marking and bundling brings more cohesiveness of the item and the clients. This happens when customers recognize a specific item with your organization. Naming and bundling of every thing in the line should coordinate the rest so that during advertising endeavors can facilitate (Palmer, 2013). On the off chance that for instance, one is promoting a specific item type with a print notice, different things in a similar product offering are will undoubtedly profit. Naming and Marketing Issues in Australia The current Australian laws don't give clients a chance to know beginnings of certain items they are buying and expending. As a rule, item naming laws have been seen as deceiving. For instance, one can portray an item as made in Australia inasmuch as it contains 51% of the worth significantly changed in Australia. This will likewise incorporate the bundling of the item, in any event, when a bigger rate is from another nation (D'Souza, et al., 2016). In July 2016 the Australian government presented another nation of inception naming framework. Under the new framework the nation of starting point naming necessities will go under the Australian shopper law. Organizations everywhere throughout the nation have been given multi year to change their marks will likewise applies to wellbeing drinks (D'Souza, et al., 2016). As indicated by the food standard code organizations must consent to the nation of source naming required by the food standard code (Stern, 2015). Bundling of wellbeing beverages ought to have the option to meet ecological necessities. The nation has solid measures on the natural effect of the removal of bundling. Most organizations are dealing with approaches to execute best practices in Australia. Wellbeing savors businesses Australia as a team with the national government and other neighborhood governments have thought of self-administrative understanding. This is done with the goal that they can limit the ecological effects of wellbeing drinks bundling and misuse of items. The understanding is broadly known as the Australian Packaging pledge and is controlled by the government branch of maintainability, Waste, Environment, populace and networks (Vogel, 2006). The agreement is situated in the mutual duties rules that is picked up from item stewardship and will apply through the chain of bundling wellbeing drinks. This will include crude materials, providers to retailers and the fundamental removal of waste bundling. Quite a bit of this data can be gotten to by advertisers through the National Waste Policy. It is additionally obligatory that all item naming and bundling accomplishes the accompanying. It must distinguish the item through name/brand, position the item in the brain of the buyer, and portray the item. It must advance the item through an eye getting and unmistakable plan (Lafley Martin, 2013). The item name ought to likewise give data about nourishment, fixings, sensitivity admonitions and other legitimate data. The most essential lawful data for item marking in Australia incorporate name of the beverage, area where it is bundled, parcel or clump number, business name, address, cautioning and warning data, fixings, date, wellbeing and security exhorts, level of describing fixing, nation of starting point and net load of the item. The benefit of bundling that is delivered in Australia is assessed to be $AUD 10.5 billion. This shows the bundling and marking industry is Australia is generally little. The bundling business in Australia represents under 1% of the countrys GDP and utilizes around 30,000 individuals (Lafley Martin, 2013). The principle bundling producers in the nation are claimed by Australians and are a piece of the countrys Small Medium Enterprises. As a rule they kind of bundling that is created in nation is to a greater degree a high volume with low edge. Nonetheless, there is the worth included bundling where the edges and expenses are significantly more, this in the long run influence cost decrease (Brownell, 2011). As indicated by Kerin, et al. (2010), Australian purchasers are continually requesting a more extensive scope of items that require diverse sort of division in those items. The bundling of little things is on the ascent because of interest by purchasers. With regards to wellbeing drinks, customers are continually searching for the prepared to expend item which mirrors the significance of accommodation in advertising. With regards to wellbeing items, purchasers will consistently be keeping watch for packs that are anything but difficult to apportion and those that are self-actuated more than those that need clinical support (CFP Katz, 2014). Accommodation is the principle issue with regards to marking and bundling of wellbeing items and will go past the motivation behind securing the item. Truth be told, marking and bundling is a piece of the administration method of directing wellbeing items. From August 2016, the Australian medication names are changing to incorporate significant data about the medication with the goal that clients can make it simpler to discover. Marking ought to incorporate data about any substance that incorporate sensitivities contained in the medication that may bring about medical issues for certain clients (D'Souza, et al., 2016). The new guidelines are significant in making medication names more clear and steady. Marking of pharmaceutical items and wellbeing drinks likewise center around selling the item. As indicated by the ongoing patterns like more prominent item separation, changes of way of life and serious weight there is requirement for marking and bundling to concentrate more on making bid and quality (Klein, 2006). End All in all, naming and bundling of items are significant for showcasing effort. There is expanded assorted variety and refined requests by clients which calls for organizations to practice more prominent adaptability of item introduction. This incorporate quality designs, decision of shading and publicizing. It is likewise significant that association think about the standards and guidelines of the nation while naming the item. Contender examination is additionally another factor that will be significant. This is on the grounds that marking results into a solid connection of customers to the item. Of the item is very much marked then it will undoubtedly draw in steadfastness of the customers to the item. Bundling additionally needs to consider the ease of use of the item and ways that it very well may be made simpler for clients to expend. Such factors as cost, and size will cooperate during naming and bundling. Each size of the item bundle ought to go inseparably with the cost. The decision of shading and designs will likewise decide if client will take the item with positive or negative respect. References Armstron

Transactions on Services Computing †Free Sample to Students

Question: Examine about the Transactions on Services Computing. Answer: Presentation The utilization of the Virtual Private Network is organizing its significance in the market these years. This PowerPoint centers around the VPN of the JKS Accountants in Sydney. The idea of the VPN has been portrayed in the introduction. The dangers that were winning in the organization by not utilizing the VPN are talked about in the introduction. The advantages of executing the VPN in the JKS Accountants have been focussed. There are a few recommendations with respect to the segments of the VPN utilized in the organization for picking up advantage in the market. The virtual alludes to the virtual correspondence between the gadgets associated in an open and private system through Internet. This implies the correspondence is virtual instead of any physical presence. The gadgets are associated in an open system yet the correspondence among them is private. The information parcels are appropriately scrambled for giving security to the information and data (Bahnasse Elkamoun, 2015). The outsider can't intrude on the correspondence between the associated gadgets over the Internet. A system is an assortment of multiple gadgets associated together for correspondence. A VPN is a system that can transmit information and data over an enormous separation with appropriate effectiveness and successfully. Dangers associated with not utilizing VPN There are different dangers associated with not utilizing the VPN during conveying over web. The worker of the JKS Accountants needs to get to the web to speak with the customers. Along these lines, the information move is essential for the organization. This can be destructive for the organization to move significant records and information over the system without utilizing VPN (Chung et al., 2013). The system requires high security for information encryption and forestalls the interference by the outsider. The VPN helps in forestalling these bizarre interferences of the outsider gatecrashers of hacking the information and data over the system. The programmers are having sharp look on these systems for penetrating significant monetary information and documents of organization for getting to it. The system over the Wi-Fi and hotspot are not appropriately made sure about for the information move without utilizing VPN and information can be handily penetrated out of it. The representat ive of the JKS Accountants needs to work remotely over the Internet that requires legitimate security for information move. The representative arrangements with sending and getting sends from the customers that helps in keeping up the correspondence with the customers (Jain Paul, 2013). The devices like Firesheep can without much of a stretch catch the message in the sends and makes misfortune the organization. The VPN gives humble transmission capacity that can be use in conveying to enormous separation with the customers over the Internet. The worker of the JKS Company can't speak with enormous number of customers without the utilization of the VPN. There is various focal points of utilizing VPN benefits in the JKS Accountants. The workers manage significant and remote information and records over the web. Consequently, VPN helps in giving a tied down system to imparting and moving information and data of the customers over the Internet. The protection over the correspondence organize is important for the organization to keep up (Jadeja Modi, 2012). VPN helps in keeping the records mystery from the third an over the system. The IP address of the sender and recipient of the information are kept made sure about and hidden by the VPN that helps in making sure about the information from being hacked. The VPN helps in observing the system and associated gadgets structure the programmers. It likewise gives an encryption method give insurance to the information and records moved over the system. There are various kinds of encryption done by the VPN to deal with the information and data over the system. The key of the encryption is known by the sender and recipient just that helps in improving the security level. It additionally gives firewall to the associated gadgets and shields from the infections and malwares. The JKS Accountants speaks with the customers to move the information and the necessities of the customers in advertise. In this manner, VPN helps in ensuring the records and data moved over the system (Wang et al., 2012). The VPN utilizes private locations for supporting the defensive records over the web. The location bit change of the information is finished by the VPN that helps in ensuring the location bit if the information (Choudhury, Rahman Bahtaba, 2012). The programmers can't distinguish the location of the information parcels. The representatives of the JKS Accountants encounters better administrations structure the customers by utilizing the VPN in their system and server. The support cost of the VPN administrations is not exactly different administrations. The VPN will cover the IP address and its area from anybody checking the system to which the worker is associated. This isdone by covering the first IP address of the client with a phony IP address that sidetracks to a nother portal city area. Anybody observing the system can discover the client yet won't have the option to perceive the first area or character. The VPN helps in checking the system and associated gadgets structure the programmers. It likewise gives an encryption method give security to the information and records moved over the system. The client nor will they have the option to view or block any information that is sent or gotten by the client as separated from veiling the security of the client a VPN gives encryption to the information that is being conveyed on the web. The distributed storage is a strategy of putting away information online over the web. The JKS Company can store their information and records over the distributed storage utilizing the web. The advantage of utilizing the distributed storage is the availability from anyplace with the assistance of web. In this way, the customers and workers of the JKS Accountants increment the adaptability of getting to the information and records. The distributed storage helps in limiting the utilization of the equipment stockpiling of records and envelopes by decreasing the space for it (White, 2012). The distributed storage is a protected spot for putting away the information and data of the customers. The association of JKS Accounting can execute distributed storage administration alongside the usage of VPN to guarantee improved information and protection security. The information put away in a cloud server will be shielded from any sort of human assault (digital assault) or non-human assault (re gular mishaps or cataclysms). Most recent security programming is utilized to forestall digital assaults and the nearness of numerous duplicates of the information in various physical areas diminishes the opportunity of information harm because of any inadvertent or common disasters (Jadeja Modi, 2012). The information that is sent to the distributed storage or got from the equivalent is encoded with most recent encryption innovation so information isn't hacked by digital aggressors during the exchange procedure (Wang et al., 2012). The information put away in the cloud is shielded from the physical assault of hard plate crash and different assaults. Information and documents put away in the distributed storage is made sure about with the assistance of different security conventions of the organization and just approved clients can access to the cloud. Consequently, the information and records put away in the cloud is protected and secure giving a chance to the JKS Accountants to utilize this procedure. Hadoop is an expansion of the applications and virtual products utilized by the association for speaking with the customers in the market. Different records stockpiling framework helps in putting away documents and envelopes in formed approach to shield from the third refined lack of caution (Holmes, 2012). This procedure lessens the danger of disappointment of the record stockpiling framework and upgrades the security of the documents and envelopes of the organization. The JKS Accountants utilizes the Hadoop parts to store the records and envelopes un the organization. The neighborhood stockpiling of information is expert with the aides in the Hadoop innovation. . This sort of utilization is desirable over exceptionally movable open cloud administrations like Google Drive and One Drive. Subsequently, it very well may be presumed that for an organization like JKS Accounting to permit its representatives to work remotely certain estimates should be taken to guarantee security of the delicate information that are being handled at the hour of work. It is induced that administrations like the VPN, Cloud Storage and Hadoop, whenever actualized appropriately inside the association will assist with accomplishing a more elevated level of system security. The utilization of VPN will guarantee the client protection just as information security while at the hour of information move through an unreliable system. Distributed storage administration will guarantee the wellbeing of information stockpiling from both human and non-human assaults and Hadoop will guarantee the information security in neighborhood server farms. References BAHNASSE, An., ELKAMOUN, N. (2015). Study and assessment of the high accessibility of a Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network.Revue MDiterranEnne Des TLCommunications,5(2). Jain, R., Paul, S. (2013). System virtualization and programming characterized organizing for distributed computing: a survey.IEEE Communications Magazine,51(11), 24-31. Chowdhury, M., Rahman, M. R., Boutaba, R. (2012). Vineyard: Virtual system inserting calculations with composed hub and connection mapping.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON),20(1), 206-219. Chung, C. J., Khatkar, P., Xing, T., Lee, J., Huang, D. (2013). Pleasant: Network interruption recognition and countermeasure choice in virtual system systems.IEEE exchanges on trustworthy and secure computing,10(4), 198-211. Amin, S., Schwartz, G. A., Hussain, A. (2013). In journey of benchmarking security dangers to digital physical systems.IEEE Network,27(1), 19-24. Sadeghi, A. R., Wachsmann, C., Waidner, M. (2015, June). Security and protection challenges in mechanical web of things. InDesign Automation Conference (DAC), 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Ryan, J. J., Mazzuchi, T. A., Ryan, D. J., De la Cruz, J. L., Cooke, R. (2012). Measuring data security dangers utilizing master judgment elicitation.Computers Operations Research,39

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading On October 20, 2014

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading On October 20, 2014 In this  feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading  this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in  literally  today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. Then again, that might be just what the doctor ordered for summer weekend plans. Enjoy! We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Amanda Nelson Born Confused  by Tanuja Desai Hidier: Rioter Swapna suggested it in a recent post about excellent South Asian YA, so I downloaded it immediately from the library. (library ebook) Almost Famous Women by Megan Mayhew Bergman (Jan. 2015, Scribner): Mayhew Bergman wrote on of my favorite short story collections,  Birds of a Lesser Paradise, so I picked this up as soon as the publisher sent it to me and am rationing myself on a story per night. (ARC) Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me (and Other Concerns) by Mindy Kaling: I just finished a 30 hour audiobook about the life of John Adams and wanted my next audio to be short, funny, and not about a dead white dude. This fits the bill and is hilarious! (audiobook, Audible) All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy: because Cormac McCarthy. (paperback, purchased) Swapna Krishna The Underground Girls of Kabul: In Search of a Hidden Resistance in Afghanistan by Jenny Nordberg: a publicist I trust told me it was one of her favorite books of the year. (Paperback galley) The Accidental Apprentice by Vikas Swarup: South Asian fiction FTW! (Paperback galley) The Republic of Imagination by Azar Nafisi: Because it’s a new Azar Nafisi (Paperback galley) Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace by Nikil Saval: Because I love nonfiction on audio (Audiobook) Lila by Marilynne Robinson Nothing better than a new novel by one of my favorite authors, and this one doesn’t disappoint. (Hardcover, via publisher) Kim Ukura Lives in Ruins: Archaeologists and the Seductive Lure of Human Rubble by Marilyn Johnson â€" I love books about crazy careers. Johnson’s jump-right-in approach to this subject is, so far, delightful. (Galley) Jessica Woodbury The Descendants by Kaui Hart Hemmings Audible sales are my friend, so far very different from the movie but has the same vibe of kooky and sad. (Audiobook) The Door by Magda Szabo One of my favorite publishers is NYRB Classics- I always get to broaden my literary horizons when they re-issue something. This is a Hungarian author I’ve never heard of and so far I’m really sucked in. (E-Galley) Dana Staves Salvage the Bones by Jesmyn Ward. Been wanting to read her books since I read a piece in PW on her. Starting with one of her novels before I move on to Men We Reaped. (Paperback, purchased) Rebecca Joines Schinsky How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World by Steven Johnson I love his mix of science, culture, and history and have been eagerly awaiting this one (ebook, purchased) EH Kern Dracula by Bram Stoker: I’ve read a lot of vampire books and watched more vampire movies than I can count. But until now I’ve never read the classic novel that started it all. (Paperback) Christy Childers Ultimate Spider-man by Brian Michael Bendis: Spider-man is my favorite Marvel superhero, so when I heard raves about this one on the Oh, Comics! Podcast, it went straight to the top of my library list. (Hardcover, library) A Path Appears by Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn: Because I can never get enough of social justice. (Hardcover, library) Aram Mrjoian The Savage Detectives by Roberto Bolano: I’ve been hearing good things about this book for ages. Had to pick it up when I found it at Unabridged Books for $4. (paperback) Under the Net by Iris Murdoch: Rereading several portions of Murdoch’s first novel for a critical essay I am submitting as part of my grad school application. (paperback) James Crossley The Novel: A Biography by Michael Schmidt: Being a historical survey of the novel that emphasizes what actual novelists think about each other, I figured this would be more interesting than most academic books. And I was right. Note: said historical survey is not written by the Hall of Fame third baseman from the Phillies. That would be even more awesome. (Hardcover) Rachel Manwill On Immunity: An Inoculation by Eula Biss: Another great piece of non-fiction this one about vaccines and our fear of them coming from Graywolf Press. How could I resist? (Paper Galley) Ruby by Cynthia Bone: I was looking for a good audiobook and this was a recommendation from my mom. (Audiobook) Cassandra Neace Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Murakami:  After experiencing my first Murakami on audio, I asked for suggestions on a good, safe print title to try out. This is where they lead me. (Paperback) Authority by Jeff Vandermeer: I’ve been dying to read the second book in the Southern Reach trilogy since I listened to the first on a long car trip, but I’ve been trying to pace myself, to savor every minute. (Audiobook) Eric Smith Lock In by John Scalzi: I feel like I’m a bit of a poser when it comes to my love of John Scalzi’s books. I was first introduced to him by Redshirts, his incredible, award-winning sci-fi romp through a very Star Trek-esque universe. After that, I finally scoped out Old Man’s War and yeah. That was it. I was sold.  His latest book with Tor is incredible so far, imagining a world where people suffer from “lock in”, a syndrome where they are locked in their bodies, unable to move, but totally aware of what’s happening. Only a small number of the population are affected, but it has serious ripples through society. FBI agents are called in to investigate a crime involving a locked-in individual, and things get pretty crazy. I’ll end up finishing this in the next few days. (Hardcover, Purchased at Comic Con) Strong Female Character (Brennan Lee Mulligan Molly Ostertag): I was SO EXCITED to find out the amazing webcomic Strong Female Character was going to be collected in a book from Topshelf Comics. The synopsis? A superhero quits fighting crime to go to college, and we follow her adventures. (Finished Advance, Purchased at Comic Con) Pen Ink (Isaac Fitzgerald Wendy MacNaughton): A collection of beautifully illustrated tattoos with accompanying essays? I couldn’t resist, especially when a number of the people featured are authors and musicians. Definitely wonderful so far, it’ll be a permanent coffee table book in my house. Johann Thorsson Snow Angels by Barry Napier: A self-published novella that tells the story of Winn, an alcoholic who gets a phone call from a stranger claiming to have his wife, and then says he knows something about the death of Winn’s son years before. Winn is understandably shaken and sets off to look for his wife. Mysterious and with sinister undertones, the closest comparison I can find is to the early novels of Stephen King. Peter Damien The Three by Sarah Lotz: a horror novel that Cassandra Neace sent me a signed copy of, about survivors from airline crashes and mysterious dark forces. Early days, but I’m enjoying it. (hardcover) Under the Black Flag by David Cordingly: re-reading this, my most favorite nonfiction book all about pirates. I’ve gushed about it elsewhere and am enjoying revisiting it a great deal. (paperback) Aquarium by David Vann: a book about a young girl and an old man who become friends through visits to Seattle aquarium. I’m told it twists and gets darker later, but again: early days. Easy reading, very charming, and I love it. (digital ARC) Rah Carter Gothic Tales by Elizabeth Gaskell: Collections of stories written in the 19th Century that are described on the book’s cover as being “chilling” and “eerie”, are irresistable. (paperback) Sarah McCarry The Dead Girl by Melanie Thernstrom: I stumbled across the Pharos Editions reissue of this formerly out-of-print 1990 bestseller and haven’t put it down since I bought it; it’s a haunting and brutal examination of friendship, love, and death that totally upends and redefines the idea of nonfiction. Brenna Clarke Gray In the Skin of a Lion by Michael Ondaatje: A refresher for teaching this week; easily Ondaatje’s best work. (Paperback) Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Scarlet by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: Also for teaching this week, this one for my fandom class and yes, we’re watching the Sherlock episode. (Paperback) Emily Gatlin Miss Hazel and the Rosa Parks League by Jonathan Odell: Loved Odell’s The Healing, and his new book set in pre-Civil Rights Mississippi is another winner. (paper galley) Old Money, Old Secrets by Kyle Cornelius: Recent Ole Miss grad’s first book, and since everything is coming up Mississippi this week… (paperback) Derek Attig Art Schooled by Jamie Coe: Why would you ever not want to be reading a gorgeous book from Nobrow? (paper galley) Alison Peters Another Man’s Moccasins by Craig Johnson. Last week I ran out of Walt Longmire mysteries. I’d personally depleted the used bookstore and my local library was all loaned out. My wife stepped in and bought the rest of the series for me, thus ensuring that these are the only books on my reading list through the end of October. This one is like The Two Towers in that it’s definitely a middle book, setting the stage for further drama. Still totally engrossing. As for  Me… To the Nines by Janet Evanovich. Lately Ive been in a reading slump, and when its really bad, Evanovich is the only thing that brings me out of it. Luckily she has plenty of books! Usually it only takes one for me to get going again, so Im able to save her series for these particular moments, but the books are funny and fun and enjoyable enough to blast straight through the series if youre in the mood. (Mass Market Paperback) ____________________ Expand your literary horizons with New Books!, a weekly newsletter spotlighting 3-5 exciting new releases, hand-picked by our very own Liberty Hardy. Sign up now!   Save

Alcohol And Drug Abuse Should Be Prevented - 1534 Words

When you hear the term â€Å"alcoholic,†or â€Å"addict,† people automatically think of someone who drinks, or does drug abuse too much and whose life is falling apart as a result. Maybe that is the problem or truth , or maybe it’s not. Alcohol and drug abuse should be prevented. These two cases we don t see very often, maybe we hear about it every now and then but, it s happening all around us, way more than we think. Teens are involved more than adults, when it comes to drinking and smoking. Although teens are involved more so than any other age, it s also seen that adults, young adults, and elders are also influencing these bad habits, and abusing them as well. However, we fail to notice these things taking place, and we also fail to prevent it; as long as it isn’t â€Å"you† in this situation. How much do we really take notice? Maybe not in our lives, but in others , such as: friends, neighbours, etc. What if you were in this situation? Would it change your perspective, or how you would take notice? These are the type of questions that are brought about when reading and taking into another point of view about things, such as life. We can t stop these cases, but we can help prevent them. According to the article , â€Å"To Stop Violence, Start at Home† written by Shifman, Pamela, and Salamishah Tillet , Anna : a woman who is formal with drug abuse and domestic violence shares her story on how, drugs had an effect on her early childhood, and leading up to a young adult, she s neverShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words   |  6 Pagesare 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. 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Unfortunately, even casual use of drugs and alcohol canRead MoreTeen Suicide Essays1064 Words   |  5 Pagesamong teens include: psychological disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, physical or sexual abuse, poor relationships with family and peers, or sudden trauma (teen Suicide: Systematic Analysis of Quality). Psychological disorders tend to include depress ion and bipolar disorder. Depression is the most common of the two because a person usually looses interest in their favorite activities and feels as though they can no longer go on. Drug and alcohol abuse are also major causes of teen suicide due to theRead MoreThe Causes Of Addiction In Pop Culture And The Media795 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen prevalent for decades. Alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs have always had a prodigious place in American society. We promote the consumption of these substances in commercials, songs, movies, etc. We as a people are responsible for the power that these substances have. Despite this, we ridicule those who consume them. Of course, there is a line where consumption becomes addiction, but society is still in some way responsible for driving someone to addiction. Liquor, drugs, and cigarettes are glorifiedRead MoreDrug Testing Of Middle School Students1251 Words   |  6 Pages10:25 1. Drug Testing of Middle-School Students May Help Prevent Substance Abuse: Study. Partnership for Drug Free Kids. N.p., 8 Mar. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. . Students who were randomly drug tested are less likely to continue the drug use as an adult. Studies show that when students get jobs, money, and cars they have the easiest access to drugs. Among the studies it has been found that students who have drug tests earlier in life will be less likely to continue the drug use. By drug testing youngRead MoreEssay Date Rape865 Words   |  4 Pagesforce is just wrong and shouldn’t be used. People should just accept the word â€Å"no† and be done with it. The fact is that they still go through great extents to have sex with a person even like blackmail. Males use their masculine strength to over power their victims by forcing there bodies down and holding there arms. Many young boys feel that as long as they can get away with it, they will continue to force sexual intercourse on a female.Now a day’s drugs have been used to seduce people into having sexualRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol Abuse On The Body1644 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesAlcohol abuse can also cause short-term effects to the body. Although there are many different short-term effects, the most common happens to be a hangover which is a â€Å"group of symptoms experienced by a person after a heavy consumption of alcohol† (Alcoholic 1). Symptoms of a hangover often consist of nausea, fatigue, thirst, headache, diarrhea, and sensitivity to light and noise. The severity of a hangover depends on several factors; these factors include the amount of alcohol consumed, the levelRead MoreBad Habits and How to Break Them Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesIt can be as simple as not doing something in the morning, to stopping drugs and alcohol. People often pick up bad habits in their younger years. Some habits people cannot control such as a twitch or an outburst. But most of the habits people are able to overcome and control. In this paper we will talk about three of the most common bad habits that people have and how to overcome them. These three habits are, drinking, drugs, and texting and driving. I chose these habits because they are the most

Psyc 430 Abnormal Psychology and Major Depressive Disorder

PSYC 430 Research Paper Abnormal Psychology and Major Depressive Disorder Abnormal Psychology and Major Depressive Disorder Student’s Name Liberty University Abstract This research paper will examine the concepts of psychopathology, or abnormal psychology and how it deals with a various set of symptoms or behaviors that manifested by functional impairments in a person’s life. Psychological disorders (e.g. Major Depressive Disorder) and the causes of abnormal behaviour have been understood by a various different theories and have been documented throughout historical transformations. Additionally, this research illustrates the Causes of the Depression,†¦show more content†¦In just one theory, Burton believed that melancholy could be prevented with a sufficient sleep, music, healthy diet, and consequential work, as well as having a balanced social life with friends and family. Moreover, in the period of 18th century, the theory of melancholia, which is linked to a Major Depressive Disorder, had become progressively more challenged by electrical and mechanical explanations; whereby, if a person exhibited a gloomy and dark state of min d it was also proved that the person gave way to a depleted state of energy loss (Girdlera Klatzkinb, 2007). The term â€Å"depression† was derived from a Latin verb deprimere, to press down. Dated as far back to the 14th century, the term to depress meant to bring down in spirits or to conquer (AllDisease.org, 2011). Even though melancholia continued to be the leading diagnostic expression, depression increased its frequency (its usage of name) in the medical field and was a synonym by the end of its century. The DSM-I (1952) (as cited in Girdlera Klatzkinb, 2007) refers to depressive reaction and the DSM-II (1968) (as cited in Girdlera Klatzkinb, 2007) depressive neurosis, as words that define an extreme reaction to an identifiable conflict or an internal circumstance (DSM, 2000). Causes of the Depression It appears that psychological, social, and biological factors will all play a role into the various degrees that cause depression. Many theorists believe that the depression

Fallacies Free Essays

I. Fallacies A. What are Fallacies B. We will write a custom essay sample on Fallacies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bandwagon Fallacy C. Either – Or Fallacy A fallacy is an error in reasoning in which the evidence given for the conclusion does not provide the needed degree of support. Fallacies are defects that weaken the speaker’s arguments when trying to persuade an audience while speaking. By preparing yourself to look for fallacies in your own and others’ writing you can strengthen your ability to avoid using fallacies. There are two important things to know about fallacies: One, fallacies arguments are very common and can be quite persuasive to the casual reader or listener. Two, it is sometimes hard to determine whether an argument is a fallacy. Your goal when preparing your speech should be to look critically at your own arguments separate them from the weak and move them towards the strong side. A bandwagon fallacy is based on an appeal to popular belief and behavior not on valid and logical points. An argument based on the bandwagon fallacy usually is similar to â€Å"everyone else does this so it must be true† or â€Å"everyone else does this so it must be right. † For instance, a television show is good because it has many viewers is an example of a fallacious bandwagon, because high viewership does not determine if the show is good or not. This can be effective because it suggests that by defying the claim one is defying the beliefs of everyone or of the vast majority of people. Many people are afraid that they will seem unintelligent if they challenge a belief that is supposedly held by most people. Either – Or fallacy occurs when a speaker makes a claim that presents an artificial range of choices when there are actually more options to choose from. Also referred to as false dilemma when someone accidentally or purposefully makes an argument confuses contradictory and contrary propositions. For example, he is breathing or he is not breathing is contradictory. Another example today is Monday or today is Tuesday which is a contrary statement. So basically either –or fallacy limits the listeners choices when they have so much more to choose from. How to cite Fallacies, Papers

Environmental Policy Development

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Policy Development. Answer: The central point of the paper is to understand the contrary views on the gradual process of various developments of policies for better environment. The subject of policy cycle is huge and it provides a vast challenge to the policy makers in order to save the environment from its current situation (Bridgman and Davis 2003). The focus of the article is think beyond in order to illustrate the fundamental limit of the approach to the policy cycle. The most interesting part of these articles is the roles and responsibilities of policy maker for providing a perfect meaningful and succinct guidance. Yes, I do agree with author of these articles of policy cycles as all of these articles are closely related to make sense of various policy processes without creating any kind of confusion. These articles explain that there is no availability of exact policy model for the development (Althaus et al. 2007). Even a fixed policy model cannot claim the universal application, this point is somewhat surprising as in todays technological world, and the policy makers are unable to make an established policy for overall improvement. The major questions the article raise in mind are what are the potential barriers that preventing the policy maker to create affixed policy? What are the choices of the management of policy makers after taking relevant decisions? I need further information on the responsibilities of the government in the process of policymaking. References Althaus, C., Bridgman, P. and Davis, G. 2007. The Australian Policy Handbook, Crows Nest NSW, Allen Unwin (Ch 3) Bridgman, P. and G. Davis 2003. What Use is a Policy Cycle? Plenty, if the Aim is Clear. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 62, 98-102.

Assassination Of JFK Essays - Watergate Seven, United States Marines

Assassination of JFK On Friday, November 22nd 1963 at 12:30 P.M. the 35th president of the United States of America, John Fitzgerald Kennedy assassinated while he rode in an open limousine though the streets of Dallas. This event, which abruptly and severely altered the course of history, it has created more controversy than any other single event. Some haunting questions remain. "Who did it?" "Why did they do it?" "How was it done?" "Was there a cover up" The official answers complied by the Warren Commission have never satisfied the majority of the world's population. In this following essay I will try to show who was responsible for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. I believe the only way to prove that there was a cover up, is to firstly prove that Lee Harvey Oswald is not the killer. The Warren Commission consisting of "various outstanding citizens" was created to "ascertain, evaluate and report upon the facts relating to the assassination ... and the subsequent violent death of the man charged with the assassination Lee Harvey Oswald. The purpose of the Commission was to examine the evidence developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and any additional evidence that may hereafter come to light ... to make such further investigation, as the Commission finds desirable. In less than one week, they found that a 'lone nut' killed JKF. At no time did the Warren Commission seem to consider the basic legal rights of Oswald - innocence until proven guilty, the right to legal representation, or the right to cross-examine witnesses and evidence against him. There is no way that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin. Firstly, the paraffin test of Oswald's hands and his right cheek conducted on November 23, 1963 has been positive for his hands but negative for his cheek. Generally, this is evidence in Oswald's favor, but the Commission asserted that the test "is completely unreliable in determining either whether a person has recently fired a weapon or whether he has not." Nobody saw Oswald on the sixth floor window after 11:55 on November 22nd. 90 seconds after the assassination, Roy Truly and Police officer M. L. Baker saw Oswald on the second floor. Oswald had to take the stairs down. But he had just 90 seconds to hide the rifle in the opposite corner of the sixth floor, run downstairs 4 floors passing Victoria Adam s who never saw him and reach the second floor where he was encountered to be "calm and collected". The Warren Commission claimed that Oswald fired three shots in 5.6 seconds from the sixth floor of the Texas Schoolbook Depository. The first shot was the 'magic bullet' which made seven wounds on JFK and Connally. Which appeared later in the Parkland Memorial Hospital - you can see - in an almost pristine condition? The second shot missed JFK and hit a bystander in the cheek and the third was the fatal head. The Warren Commission said the third shot hit JFK from behind, however his head was pushed backwards and to the left. This means the bullet must of come from the grassy Knoll. In addition, many witnesses thought they heard shots from there. Oswald rifle's had poor capability (experts tried to do the same what Oswald was claimed to have done, but only one was able to do that! because he got not familiar with the rifle and the inaccurate attached scope of the rifle. It was near impossible for him to make the shot in 5.6 seconds. "If I had to pick one man in the whole United States to shoot me, I'd pick Oswald. I saw that man shoot and there's no way he could have ever learned to shoot well enough to do what they accused him of. I'm one of the best shots around, and I couldn't have done it." --Sherman Cooley (US Marine, served with Oswald) If Oswald was not the killer then who would have wanted to see President Kennedy dead? Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) The CIA J. Edgar Hoover The Mafia Anti-Castro Cubans Richard Nixon I am convinced Lyndon Johnson may very well have been involved in the plot to murder President Kennedy. I believe Johnson probably knew about the plot ahead of time and

4 Easiest Ways to Get the Best College Experience

4 Easiest Ways to Get the Best College Experience Making the best out of college experience is a worthy goal indeed. When you are young, ambitious, full of energy and plans, you should understand that there is a whole bunch of stuff ahead! One warning, though: If you go for suggested activities, but won’t feel any joy or engagement, stop immediately! The time you spend in college is the highlight of your youth. Make sure you enjoy it. #1. Take Good Care of Your Health Set Up a Brand New Routine Once you get out of the parents’ house, you might want to experiment with your daily routine and make it better. Try: starting your day earlier or doing more exercise; make different breakfast every day; complete the most important task of the day while your mind is clear. Find out what works best for you throughout the day. Consider Various Diets No limits to your fantasy here. Want to go vegetarian, the whole plant-based or try cooking Chinese cuisine? Nothing can hold you back from experimenting, but for the health actually. Try to find a perfect balance between tasty and healthy food. Look For a Sport to Enjoy If you are not fond of exercising it most probably means you haven’t found your perfect sport yet. Try everything that is accessible on campus and outside of it. Yoga, baseball, jogging, swimming, power walking, etc. Thousands of variants await you out there. You will definitely find one to enjoy. Find the Best Way to Relax College life is full of stress, rush, and challenges. No matter how good you are at solving everyday issues, relaxation would be needed to maintain strength, and keep both mental and physical health. Find an activity that would serve you as a recovery from a stressful week. It might be anything, like a long walk in a park, fishing, meditation, etc. #2. Invest   Time in Your Personal Development Take Classes that Seem to Be Interesting Even if that interesting class is not related to your major, you might want to follow your hunch. There is always a chance you suddenly come across your true passion, change your major, and thus your whole professional life in the future. Sure, an interesting class might also be far from bringing such tremendous changes to your life. But if the experience appeared to be amazing and entertaining, would you ever regret having it? Go Studying Abroad Among all the college experiences, this one definitely hits the top. Nobody ever regreted studying abroad, even if for one semester only. The coolest opportunity of your life, make sure you use it. Value Skills Over Knowledge Once you are out of college, it is skills you would be judged by, not the number of books you have read. You speak several languages? Cool! Learn how to translate, or go practicing simultaneous interpretation. You are into writing? Wonderful! Learn copywriting and SEO basics. Good at drawing? Nice! There are 3D modeling, web design and animation waiting. Learn how to apply your knowledge in practice, it is the best investment in your future. #3. Socialization is a Secret of the Best College Experience Create a Prospective Network The most empowering thing that can happen in college is meeting people. Not only because they might be thrilling or become your dearest friends, which is cool. College also is the highest time to create strong interpersonal connections, that would benefit your future professional life. Meet students from different majors, courses, and of various interests. Thus, you won’t only broaden your friends’ circle, but gain valuable knowledge, widen your horizons, and, probably, set an excellent ground for future professional relationships. Check Out Your Campus Activities There are tons of those organized each year, and they are pretty easy to track. Just find a special campus activity board, a specific section of a college website or a social media group. Those are good for several reasons, like spending quality time while being engaged in the useful and fascinating activity. Still, on top of it, campus activities are a great chance to socialize with peers, who happen to share your interests. Visit Local Community Events Going through college doesn’t mean everything you do should be related to studies and your major. Local community events can break the routine and bring color to your life. Also, meeting local people can widen your worldview and bring more clarity to the essential aspects of your adult life. Here, you might learn about the real job chances you have after college, witness success stories of others or just come across an excellent idea for a future local startup you might want to implement. #4. Get Ready for Your Career Path Start Off   Planning a Career With Volunteering Skills beat theoretical knowledge in real life. Thus, if you are worried about getting a prospective career one day, you most probably want to start gaining skills as soon as possible. If you are a first-year student, finding a suitable part-time job might be tough. Start off with volunteering. It might be a local occupation on weekends or a long-term volunteering project during summer holidays. Still having doubts whether you need volunteering? Check out this blog post on benefits of volunteering that will surptise you. Find a Befitting Internship Going through an internship that corresponds either to your major or your deepest interests, would incredibly boost your job chances after graduation. Moreover, a good internship will show you the organization of a corporate or business world, and though from the inside. It would teach you indispensable professional skills and demonstrate a piece of real life you are about to have. Isn’t it the best way to verify the choice you’ve made? Heres a useful source to help you get the internship you want and deserve. Take a Part-time Job Do not rush with this one, though. Take your time, and go for a job that would correspond to the career choice you’ve made. Do not jump into just any job offer, but select wisely. Here the guide to help you choose a perfect part-time job for you. A part-time job should become a place where you gain your professional experience and fundamental skills. It should be something you would want to put in your CV after graduation. Get to Know Your Professors and Stay in Touch With Them Go to classes and visit your professors during the office hours. Usually, your tutors are great professionals in the field you study and can share valuable knowledge with you. Also, those connections always become of most significance when you need a recommendation letter or a piece of advice about the career choice. Even if it happens that you won’t need their help, there is never too much intelligent people in life. Heres some tips on how to make connections with college professors. Bottom Line Everything stated above can actually be narrowed down to one major thought: If you want to make most out of your college time, you need to try as many activities as possible. That is how you will come across something intriguing and worthy, that is how you discover your passion. Do not be afraid of trying something new. In contrary, make yourself grab everything that is new, scary or insane. Youth is the best time for gaining all possible types of experiences. Enjoy!

McDonalds Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

McDonalds Business - Case Study Example With the growing public awareness and desire for socially responsible businesses, it is significant to note that companies consider planning for future socially responsible business operation (Kotler & Lee, 2004). An analysis on McDonald’s social responsibility evaluates an example of corporate social responsibility shown by McDonalds. McDonald is the largest company in the world that deals in hamburger food restaurants. In reference to McDonald’s corporate social responsibility, the company is taking action, maintaining openness in communication with its customers and shareholders and attaining results. The company works with its suppliers so as to promote socially responsible behaviors or practices in its supply chain as an integral part of the company’s supply chain strategy. This is part of the company’s social responsibility. In addition, the company has designed its own its code of conduct for suppliers which explains how the company desires or expec ts its suppliers to handle and treat their workers. The company has managed and succeeded in supporting suppliers who are removing sow gestation crates in supply chain. For instance, 50% of its Cargill contracted hog farms are all in new generation systems that do not apply gestation stalls for the benefit of the wider community. Additionally, McDonalds gives part of its pre-tax profits to corporate charity or philanthropy as part of its strategy to be socially responsible. The company conducts philanthropic contributions via the Ronald McDonald Houses Charities which focus to create, get and support programs that enhance and improve the well being and health of children in society. This body ensures that children in vulnerable communities can receive medication and dental treatment in order to improve their health and strengthen their respective families. This program aims to change and improve the lives of communities. As part of it being socially responsible, McDonalds has formul ated a way of engaging communities in operations through community based projects. Community based projects have become significant aspect of development assistance among world socially responsible organizations. For instance, McDonalds launched the Flagship farms initiative in Europe that aimed at employing innovative farming methods and practices across Europe and conducts research on how ethical farming practices can be included into commercial farming systems. Therefore, an economic relationship means a strategy of involving communities into business activity of the organization in order to makes sure that communities are embedded in corporate supply chain strategy so as to establish a sustainable business. Case study 2 McDonalds has got well written and designed corporate social responsibility program that it has well implemented in order to ensure that communities are integrated in its business and that it benefits from its business operation. For instance, the McDonald Compan y delivered its inaugural corporate social responsibility report in which the company sought to get extensive feedback from stakeholders and community. The company has included several things in its social responsible program that aim to make it more socially responsible. For instance, they have implemented program that aim to develop sustainable agriculture, employment policies

Daffodils by William Wordsworth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Daffodils by William Wordsworth - Essay Example â€Å"Daffodils† takes one on the journey of the Romantic age, where one can find all the elements of love, passion, excitement, and praise for the blossoming fields occupied with waving daffodils. In Daffodils the poet narrates the story of his encounter with the God’s most beautiful creation, the daffodils. The first stanza describes the gloominess on the poets face when he is wandering pointlessly beside the lake surrounded by loneliness he notices a floating cloud in the sky, sweeping above the valleys and the hills. And then his eyes meet a large number of daffodils gathered by the side of the lake. Sheltered by a growing tree the daffodils were glowing and gleaming like gold. The constant push of the airy breeze was making them dance in joy and delight. The yellow sheet of daffodils made the entire atmosphere vibrant and full of life. The line: â€Å"A host, of golden daffodils† describes the richness to the color of the flower. Gold is a highly treasured piece of metal, very rare on earth. The poet gives the same status to daffodils which beauty has captured the attention of the poet. According to the poet, the aligned daffodils resemble the shining stars up in the night sky in the form of Milky Way, enlightening the entire space with their glow and imperfection. The use of night sky to describe the imperfection of daffodils can be explained by the example of darkness in a closed room; darkness is associated with loneliness and despair, but as the moonlight enters the room it suddenly lights up and the feeling of isolation is gone. As the poet glance at the dancing daffodils, he also lights up from within and is unable to escape the feeling of joy. The power of daffodils accentuates the entire atmosphere and the waves of the lake also start to dance with them.  

A Case Study On Warlordism In Africa History Essay

A Case Study On Warlordism In Africa History Essay Warlordism has appeared in many states and cultures in history. Currently there are two countries, in which warlords play an important role these are Afghanistan and Somalia. In my paper I will try to describe this form of ruling in a case of Somalia what have warlords brought to common people, how have they affected their lives and possibly how may their future look like. Warlordism is known as the prevailing form of political organization in the south-central regions after the fall of Siad Barres regime in the early 1990s. Warlords, the leaders of Somali newly emerged political factions, begun to play an important role mainly after the fall of Siad Barres regime in 1991. These powerful men, who base their support mainly on clan identification, changed the country of Somalia a lot when they were pursuing their own ambitions. The main goal of my work is therefore finding the answers to these questions what caused warlordism to rise in Somalia, what happened during their rule in the 1990s and what impacts have had warlordism on this country. For better lucidity, I divided my seminar work into four major chapters. The first chapter is rather theoretical it explains the meaning and origin of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾warlord and it tries to offer some exact definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾warlordism. The following part of my paper seeks an explanation of why has warlordism become such a significant phenomen of Somalia, where lie its roots and it also reminds of the role of Siad Barre in Somali history. It describes the rise of warlords and also their gradual fall during the second half of the 1990s. For better understanding, I added two subchapters the first is about clans in Somalia and the second one takes a closer look on how the situation looks like in different Somali regions. The third chapter examines the impacts of warlordism on common life of Somalis, what was their contribution to Somalis after the year 1991. Again, two subchapter were added. The first subchapter explains, where warlords gain there resources for maintaing warfare and keeping their rule; it also offers somewhat interesting conclusions of researchers from the World Bank about Somali economy and Somalis themselves. The second subchapter tells about rather sad remains of Barres regime about militarization of society. The last chapter takes a brief look on the way how have warlordism and civil war changed the role of a women in Somali society. It shows that in spite of their inferior situation, they still carry on some important function in common life of Somalis. 1 A definition of warlordism Warlord is a person who controls a specific area of his country with military forces that are loyal to him and not to a central government. He uses his power beyond his legitimacy, often thinking that war is the only way of ruling. By doing this, he differs from a feudal, who has also military power, however he still stays loayl to a central governmant (or leader). This word (warlord) comes from the German word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Kriegsherr, that has similar meaning. Even Germans use nowadays the English term instead of their own.  [1]   Warlordism is therefore a form of ruling by warlords and can be described above all in so called failed states. Generally, in these states there is either no central government or authority, or this government has lost its control over the country. According to Anderson, most of the failed states share these three characteristic features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Firstly, the central government has effectively lost control and authority over the territory. Secondly, internal violent conflict is or has recently been rampant. Thirdly, the level of human suffering is appalling. Extreme poverty and hunger are widespread and growing. Atrocities are being committed. Human rights grossly violated and otherwise curable diseases turn into epidemics.  [2]  . The Fund for Peace creates every year so-called Failed States Index, which mixes social, economic and political indicators. For the year 2009, 38 countries most of them from Africa were classified as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾alert. The highest index level was assigned to Somalia (114,7)  [3]  . In a specific case of Somalia, we can therefore speak not only about a failed state, but many scientists and journalists describe it as a collapsed one. It means lack of state institutions and state coercive powers who cannot offer public services anymore.  [4]   If we would like to be more precise at the description and origin of warlordism, there can be found four major characteristics: 1) Rule over a small part of country is overtaken by trained and armed man, who make use of instability of a central authority 2) These men seek their own self-interest, not a public favour 3) Legitimacy of warlords comes from their personal charisma and the devotion of followers 4) Because of their self-interest, country is divided into small political and economical sections, free trade is disrupted, therefore economy is slowing and foreign investors do not wish their capital to be part of this territory.  [5]   Examples of this system can be found in many countries. It appeared and appears in Afghanistan, Iraq, Burma, Chechnya, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Pakistan. In this paper, I will describe the current situation in Somalia. 2 The origin and progress of warlordism in Somalia The beginnings of warlordism in Somalia can be observed after a coup detat in 1969, when general Siad Barrà © took control over the country. He rewarded well those were loyal to him, to his clan, but with the help of bribes, gossip and intrigues, he managed to fragment other factions (which were supposed to get weaker) this tactic is described as divide-and-rule. Domestic resources and foreign aid were not used for development, rather for rewarding Barres loyal clans and their military leaders and to punish disloyal ones. This brought a massive instability, causing armed oppositionist clans to rise against Barres regime, first in the northeast region, and then in the northwestern, southern and central regions all except the territory ruled by Barre. Combined with rather disastrous result of the war with Ethiopia, Barre started to lose control and other factions began strengthening their positions. It resulted into civil war, where Siad Barrà © was overthrowned and anarchy again r eigned this country. Cause of the Somali civil war is not only clan system, but the roots lie in wrong distribution of resources and power, long-lasting corruption, exploation, despotic regime and wrong development. All these elements mixed together caused what we saw in the first half of the 90s in Somalia. The loss of war with Ogaden gave a birth to new political factions. People from the Majerteen sub-clan of the Darod established the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), operating in central Somalia, while the Isaaq clan took control over the north, under the name of Somali National Movement (SNM). The last important faction, emerged during the reign of Siad Barre, was the United Somali Congress, consisting of the biggest clan of the Hawiye, and occupied central-south Somalia. At the time of Barres fall, there was about 15 political factions in Somalia. A year later, major centres were occupied by the four strongest warlords. While Mogadishu was divided into two parts between Aidid and Ali Mahdi, Mohamed Said Hersi controlled Bardaro and the port of Kismaayo was under the rule of Ahmed Omar Jess. All four fought strongly among themselves, bloody fights occured especially between the two leaders of Mogadishu.  [6]   Therefore we can say that former clans emerged now as political factions with warlords in their lead and these factions often crossed clan lines. What was also broken and missing, was the Xeer law.  [7]  Regrettably after the collapse of regime, warlords were not able to unify, to maintain central government with warlords in its lead. They could have governed the whole country, but they were unable to make an agreement, so all that remained was shattered country with relatively small territories, controlled by military leader. Militias were not struggling for taking place in government; the war simply degenerated in anarchy and banditry. The only exceptions rised in the north, forming Somaliland and Puntland. Fights among the leaders for remaining resources and for strategic points (harbours, airports, major cities etc.) brought great havoc to this country and because farmers were not able to work on their fields due to persisting warfare, hunger spread quickly among inhabitants. The result of their warfare was also spread of armaments, the nearly complete destruction of the capital of Mogadishu, plundering of almost all public goods and state properties, fleeing of almost one million of Somalis abroad and separation of at first Somaliland, and than Puntland in the north. The civil war destroyed almost all state institutions, the social and economic infrastructure and broke all food supplies, both from internal and external sources. Boundaries of traditional clan territories have quite changed since the start of civil war. Weaker clans have been driven out of their homeland, while stronger ones took their positions. The raids were targeted at profitable areas (rich agriculture lands, ports, cities etc.) and locals often fled because of violence that is brought by attacking warlords. It is also an example of Puntland, from which many people have fled through Yemen to Australia, America or Scandinavia.  [8]   The main interest of rising warlords was prolonging of statelessness, as their crimes agains locals errupted massive stolen property, unresolved property disputes and occupied territory.  [9]  It were not only warlords, who had an interest on prolonging of civil war and anarchy. Also some businessmen voted strongly against a rebuilding of government, as a new administrative could easily see through their business and cut their gains from illegal trade to minimum Since 1995, conflicts have changed a lot in Somalia. From a large-scale warfare betwen clans that plagued the whole country to only local conflicts between sub-clans began to emerge. These conflicts had much less duration and were also not so bloody, as only few people were involved.    The are several reasons for this change clan elders gained much more authority, also warlords have finally secured their regions and also have less resources to buy means of war weapons and ammunition. The biggest incentive gave however Somalis themselves people became finally fed-up with their tyranny, especially businessmen, who refused to pay any fees and taxes just for passing through warlord operated territories. Therefore they hired Islamists militias, who represented a formidable threat to warlords. Islamic radicals quickly restricted warlords rule. The real power had only those warlords controlling strategic places (like ports, cities, airports) or those in high positions (memebers of the government etc.) Meanwhile, businessmen formed their own private security forces to guard their property    since the new government was unable to do that; these private forces are ranked among the most powerful in Mogadishu. Although crimes of warlords are deceasing in progress, white collars are beginning to represent a new threat to Somali stability, since their increasing counterfeiting of currency, which strongly undermines Somali economy.  [10]   2.1 Clannism in Somalia Clans are basic units of society in Somalia throughout its history. Yet their role has somewhat changed in   last years, especially after the accesion to power by Siad Barre. First I would like to characterize a Somali clan.   Clan identity is not fixed here, and is subject to change. Warlord maipulates people to gain their loaylty to achieve his goals, (where they are political, territorial, economic or military). However, it does not mean that the members of clans change their membership constantly every day. It happens only when see that someone else can offer them better conditions. A few points can be observed about the changes of clans and clan identities in Somalia: a) traditionally, clans served more like mediators, their purpose was to bring peace and stability to the country, also shifting of clan identities was not so often. This was changed during the rule of Siad Barre, when clan leaders manipulate other followers to acquire their goals, and this shifting of clan identities became a primary source of conflicts (not clans themselves. b) in the beginnings of Somali civil war, conflicts occured especially between major clans. In progress, conflicts became more and more localized, even between the leaders of the same clan (fights between subclans andeven between sub-subclans), like it happened for example in Somaliland eventhough they gained some independence, new clashes emerged inside ruling Isaaqs clan. As I mentioned, the primary source of conflicts are shifting clan identities. But it it also true that clans are main and probably the only way how to bring peace to Somalia, as they it was in past Somalia. Legitimacy of clan elders and of traditional customary law (xeer) could be the sources of cooperation and reconciliation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾A clan is Somalia is a double-edged sword it closely links Somalis and tears them apart  [11]  . 2.2 Divided country The following lines describe the differences between the main Somalia region. From 1991, many formal, self-declared adiminstrations have arisen. We can distinguish between these four types transregional, regional, district and municipal. Examples of transregional and regional entities can be found obviously in Somaliland and Puntland. The problems is that although they provide some basic functions, they do not posses the marks of an internationally recognized sovereign state like issuing of passports and so on. But not only these two have tried to gain some autonomy the Rahanweyn Resistance Armys administration of Bay and Bakool regions in 1998-2002 and the Benadir Regional Authority in 1996  [12]  . These territories are often formed on clan homelands or former colonies, like Puntland, which is situated on the territory of the Harti clans, or Somaliland, the place of the former Brittish colony. Warlords could therefore build a new state by adding existing blocks together. There is however another clash between centralists and federalists. Centralists fear that a divided state will become much weaker and will offer an opportunity to neighbouring countries to slowly appropriate separeted territories, while federalists are mainly those, who dont have any representatives in government and fear that the TFG could take too much from them. There is a strong regional diversity in Somalia from the relatively peaceful and secure provinces in the north to the war-torn territories in the south. Rich lands of southern region, ports and acces to sea are the sources of conflict that still prevails in this part of Somali country.    The Lower Shabelle region doesnt seem to form some regional authority, as clashes between various factions and warlords over rich agriculture and marine resources still continue. On the other hand, the Middle Shabelle region proves to be relatively stable in recent years thanks to new formed administration. Other clashes continued to torment the Lower Jubba region, especially those around the port of Kismaayo. The winner of factions wars was the clan Juba Valley Authority, which holds a relatively strong position over this territory. Neighboring Middle Juba and Gedo regions also lack some strong authorities; the Gedo region must in addition face attacks form Ethiopian soldiers, who are trying to pacify local Islamic groups. The   regions of Mudug,   Galgaduud and Hiraan in the northwest of Mogadishu officialy claim some authority, but de facto have none. They provide no basic functions, have no authority or legitimacy to govern. Security is   provided by traditional leader and Islamic courts, to some extent. In opposite to the southern and the central regions, the north-east and west terriotries have succeeded in forming stable and secure provinces without significant violent   conflicts. Even administrative organs and state institution appear here, providing some basic functions. Somaliland, occupying the north-west part, formed on bounderies of the former British   colony in 1991. Despite two minor civil conflicts in 1992 and 1994, it has created its onw bicameral parliament, judiciary, police force and municipal structures, also elections are regularly held. Somaliland was followed   by Puntland in the north-east eight years later. Similar to Somaliland, Puntland also faced internal conflicts from 2001-2003 concerning constitutional crisis, but those two were solved peacefully. Like in Somaliland, peace and security has attracted some foreign investment and NGOs, however in a smaller quantity compared to its western neigbour.  [13]   3 The impacts of warlords rule In a case of Somalia, we can say that the absence of state authority or defined state borders is not an essential problem for this country. Most African states gained their independence almost overnight, which brought many problems. Examples may be ethnic conflicts as a result of arbitrary boundaries, weak institutional system full of corruption and bureaucracy, weak links between state and civil society or monocrop economy too dependent on exports  [14]  . Also most African people have had bad experience with both colonists and post-colonial leaders, who have often cruelly exploited them and used state institutions and state power only for their personal profit. No wonder why many Africans rather do not believe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾modern systems of free market and liberal democracy. For a long time, they had their own system of organization that worked well. If we describe anarchy as a system without a central government, than in Somalia lasted anarchy all the time, before colonists arrived (the difference between anarchy past and present is that in pre-colonial era, round  ½ of population was not dying or being in danger of dying because of hunger, as it happened in 1992  [15]  ). Families, clans, tribes and villages had their own rules and traditions, with which their could prosper relatively good. They also had their own leader. Would it be so bad, if that leader became a warlord? Somali experience answers us the question yes, it would. As much as order within clans or tribes is well-kept, people still need basic functions of state to be organised. They need to have their rights protected, their basic needs to be satisfied. Property rights, security, infrastructure, electricity, schools, health-care or (for common people not so important) some political represantion; these things have to exist in case a state wants to be succesfull and prosperous these days. If warlords took care of this, it would have been no problem. However, warlords in Somalia have not been able to secure these things, they have cared rather about their personal gains while exploiting this already poor country and fighting for remaining resources, than about people needs. Thats why we can say that warlordism have affected the country of Somalia quite negatively, it has spreaded fear and hate among civilians and was profitable only for those who were loyal and close to the warlords. Warfar e brought among civilians was terrible. The Lower Jubba region was affected by far the worst. To maintain the patronize system and to acquire more weapons, warlords needed money. They gained financial resources by selling livestock and agricultural products of locals, later even that of foreign food aid. Rural inhabitants were terrorized almost instantly after Barre was overthrown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Destruction was systematic, wells, ponds, grain stores, seeds and livestock consumed, carried off, killed or destroyed.  [16]   Because of many refugees, who were forced to flee the country and settle in abroad, we can say that warlords are responsible for Somali diaspora, which have affected many Somali lives till nowadays. Somalia is highly dependent on remittance and for many people it is the only way how to survive (remittances make up about 825 mil. USD in 2004, which is about 60 % of GNP  [17]  ). Warlords have also prevented people from reaching basic state functions healthcare, education, infrastructure and so on. Especially education, which is important everywhere and everytime, was signifacantly missing, as new young people can help their country, at least by describing and understanding what is happening there, so the foreigners could better comprehend what is going on. Furthermore, not only that warlordism doesnt help locals, it also keeps off foreign countries from helping. Risky environment full of chaos will probably not attract foreign investors. Foreign aid is stolen by the warlords, and those delivering it are kidnapped or attacked.  [18]  Under these circumstances, only few countries are willing to help such countries, whether with humanitarian, development or military aid. Especially in case of Somalia, after the debacle of the US and the UN forces in 1993, the Western states consider twice before they send some troops to these regions. To summ up, no matter how bad experience have Somalis with autocrative regimes, a creation of some state authority still looks better that status-quo. Stronger government (without warlords in its lead) with control over the country seems to be at least some solution to current problems. Furthermore, except of breaking internal security, warlordism also threatens neighbouring countries. Collapsed Somalia, without a well-guarded border, is ideal for smugglers, illegal trade of weapons and drugs. In addition, unstable environment will surely attract those who need to be hidden radicals, extremists, terrorists. Somalia is a great example, as after reclaiming the power by Islamic Union Courts in 2006, some highly-sought terrorists from al-Qaida appered in these territories. Which attracted a major enemy of terrorists, the government of the United States, and the US Army began consequently airstriking suspicous villages in the south region, where terrorists were hiding. However, the US did not well in this case, as they supported enemies of UIC warlords, who on the contrary used these resources to gain more power, so they could continue with exploiting Somali inhabitants. Not a good idea from the US, I would say. 3.1 Economic consequences of warlordism To maintain dissorder and to keep their power, warlords need money. The main sources of their income are money they receive from foreign sponsors, from taxes and charges levied on trade routes, ports, airports or in big cities or even on some sections of road, or, there have been attempts to use counterfeit Somali currency, which was printed abroad. Another problem of Somalia is qat (khat), a flowering plant with cathinone alkaloid, which is a stimulant causing excitement, loss of appetite and euphoria. The WHO considers this plant as a drug of abuse  [19]  . Since Islam forbids Somalis drinking alcohol, they chew this plant to have at least some feelings of intoxication. Similar to the Czech people, who meet in pubs and drink beer, Somalis meet in a place called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾mefrish, where they chew en mass  [20]  . Not only that workers are of course less effective while being drugged; what is more important is the fact that the distribution of khat is nearly entirely con trolled by warlords, who gain huge profits from the drug trade and they use these revenues to acquire more weapons and other means of warfare and therefore more power. Conflicts between warlords also caused massive economic problems. Except of human casaulties number of people who were killed by war and disease, who were never born or who emigrated is estimated about 2 millions, there is also a great poverty, by which is affected about 43 percent of population Moreover, Somalia finds itself at the bottom of the most African (and worlds) economic rankings. Also its external debt has increased a lot from the beginning of civil (2 billion USD) to nowadays (about 3,2 billion USD)  [21]  . Nevertheless, trade was not so affected by warfare and private sector adapted very quickly on the lack of state institutions. When Saudis placed a ban on livestock (mainly sheep and goats), they simply direct their trade elsewhere. This example shows us another characteristic feature of Somalis their resiliance. As I said, many Somali economic indicators lie even behind the worlds poorest countries. Yet we should mention that these data do not vary so much from those of pre-civil war this shows us high resilience of Somali people, who could adapt to very difficult conditions. Moreover, state collapse brought to Somalia what even structural adjustment programmes could not privatization and liberalization of economy and of all public services water, electricity or security; especially telecommuncation system have developed quite well so far.  [22]  It shows us, that Somalia was not unified politically, economic integration of Somali regions went on well through free flow of goods, services and informations. Economy is able to develop itself, although foreign aid is either missing (after the debacle of UN forces in 1993-1994) or being looted by warlords. Trade has to face some difficulties here though, as important markets placed in major cities have become too dangerous and risky for trading as a result of warfare. So traders need to operate on different trade routes. Also some states, especially from Arabian peninsula, refuse to do business with Somalis, as there are no veterinary controls. Menkhaus  [23]  appoints however, that the demand of Somali merchants for new roads a trading routes, so they could trade more easily and safely, is one of the primary causes of incurred peace processes and peace talks.   Furthermore, it is an argument for weakening position of warlordism. Without warlord rule, traders have better opporunities. If country is secured, if merchants can do their business without a fear of being kidnapped or robbed, if veterinary regulations are instituted, than trade is flourishing and commonweal is incresing. A conclusion of the World Bank research says that Somali war has its main roots neither in a warfare between clans nor in the Cold war, but in a policy of Siad Barre, who shifted from command economy to free market and economic liberalization, while still relying on the power of his own clan and fomenting rivalry between other clans. Consequences of these actions were not immediate, however in the future they have proved to have a devastating effect on Somalia. 3.2 Militarization of society A significant feature of Siad Barres regime (and consequently of warlordism) is a culture of militarization, something that have lasted to these days. Barres institutions had but a little legitimacy, law was rather forced by military means. After the coup in 1991, weapons could be found almost in every family, metaphorically spoken. Weapons have been used to settle quarrels between people and have even been traded on open markets. To make conditions even worse, several observes spotted that some Somali warlords are supported from the neigbouring countries, who dont seek a peaceful solution, but their own goals and interests. Main actors are Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Yemen, who deliver their weapon-cargos though ports in Boosaaso, Marha and Kismaayo  [24]  . This was a serious problem for warlords, as they slowly started to lose control over their followers, as well as clan elders has lost much of their authority. Law was a one big uknown. Since any accountability could be s een and impunity became common in Somalia, situation got worse very quickly. (warlords were oppressing locals, using them as a forced labour or driven them out). Without any state authority, a real power lied in the hands of those who were armed militiamen, their leaders and young men, who sought in war their own profit (these men were often rather children, as some observes estimate that about 200  000 (5 %) of Somali children had been involved in militia activities).  [25]   Weapons that warlords demand and with which they fight are usually following low-cost assault rifles, pistols, hand grenades, rocket propelled grenades, mortars, heavy and medium machine guns and anti-aircraft cannons deployed in a ground-attack role. However, warlords commonly do not interfere directly with weapon traders, they rather authorize someone else to acquire merchandise for them. Luckily, in the past several years, clashes between clan-leaders and locals are not so frequent, but still most people keep their weapons, because they fear for their property and for their lives. This applies especially for south-central Somalia, the region without any form of effective and strong government. On the other hand, Somaliland and Puntland have made a signficant progress in demobilization, as their leaders know that without

Review of literature on vision, personal and organisation Essay

A vision answers the question â€Å"What do we want to become?† It calls for the skills, talents, and resources to make future happen. A vision is different from a mission, goal or objective as it must have a clear and compelling imaginary way that offers an innovative way to improve ourselves. Simply stated, a vision is a realistic, credible, attractive, and it inspires one’s future. Walt Disney for example understood the meaning of vision, he knew that dreams are wishes the heart makes and if one can dream it, one can make it happen (Nanus & Dobbs 1999). Each person must have their own personal vision in their life, as an example, one would dream to be the first female pilot in Malaysian Airlines but that dream will not come true because at the moment Malaysian Airlines is not prepared to employ a female as one of their pilots. They are not ready to change their traditional mind that pilots are meant for males. Their commercial advertisements reflect this attitude; it showed from the beginning of their operation their pilots have all been males. For that reason, if people want to realise their vision, they will need to relate or share it with the organisational vision. In a way, it gives people a sense of common ownership that enables them to cooperate with and support each other in pursuit of their common destiny (Nanus & Dobbs 1999). A shared vision authorizes and legitimates the activities of all who commit to it and act accordingly. It sanctions people, encouraging them to advance the common effort. As they do so, the vision also enables them to prioritize their efforts and improve their ability to serve their own needs and the needs of the organisation. As noted by Nanus and Dobbs (1999), there are several fundamentals where individual and organisational visions are linked. First, the organisation needs to verbalise with their employee where they (the organisation) are trying to take them; they must show the employee what they like to see this organisation hopes to become; and why it is important for the employee to move towards making his/her vision fulfil the organisation’s vision. Subsequently, the organisation’s vision and its passion must excite the employee and persuade the employee that by moving in towards the same direction, the employee will make a strong contribution and realise their own deepest needs for a sense of accomplishment, meaning and recognition in their own lives. Finally, if the organisation is willing to do all the above, and the employee find the vision firmly compelling and in accord with their own vision, they will commit to it and make it their own. Then they will see themselves not as the organisation’s followers but as colleagues and allies, working together on the same team with a common cause. Thus, when employees shape the vision of the organisation, it can reflect the personal visions that they have in their hearts and minds about their own futures (David 1998). Good personal and organisational visions are needed (Hills and Jones 1988), it creates a sense of direction and purpose for the individual as well as the organisation; it helps to drive decision making and resource allocation and finally to assess same significant improvement in the way they run their lives or the organisation. In addition, Nanus and Dobbs (1999) also indicated that personal and organisational visions provide focus, guiding decisions and actions, and enables them to filter the many issues competing for their time and attention. According to Nanus (1996), a shared vision between the individual and the organisation will result towards a long-term goal measurement, gradually accepting some major changes and has a more proactive planning style. In contrast, if the vision is not shared, it will only result in short-term goals with minimal resistance to change. However, a drawback for having individual and organisational visions linked together is either one of the entities must sacrifice their time or attention. For example, after 15 years of devoting myself working with a firm, I may think of retiring and start my own business within 3 years. However, in order to postpone my retirement and continue to serve the organisational vision, the company will now be required to top up my salary and entice me with all sorts of benefits which in my mind will compensate my desires for having my business. Having to say all that, many times we have heard some organisations failed to achieve their vision. This is true because a good vision will give a great impact towards the effectiveness of team and individual actions in the workplace. These few major points that I will elaborate later has proven the reasons that sometimes individual and organisational visions cannot be linked. As previously discussed, a vision is like making our dreams become a reality. In order to make it real, we must be prepared to accept changes and sacrifices, but not all are prepared to do that. We know that for organisational vision to be effective, it relies increasingly on employees’ discretion to change and adapt. If they are not willing to accept changes in their life plan, then the end result will not be so great. Employees whose careers connect to their life plans are more effective at work (Gillen 1996). Another reason that makes the organisational vision ineffective is due to the vision’s vagueness. If the vision is so grandiose it becomes clearly unattainable and when the employees know that it is impossible to achieve the vision, they will no longer work towards it. Finally, the biggest challenge of organisational vision to be effective is to understand cultural diversity (Hellriegel, Jackson & Slocum 1999). For example, although diversity can enhance a team’s ability to solve problems creatively because of different ways of looking at a problem and finding a solution; creativity may also heighten conflicts within a team causing more problems instead of providing solutions.

Tire City Case

Tire City, Inc. Analysis As a lender, I would have no problem giving a loan to Tire City, Inc to help finance their growth for the following reasons. The first thing that is apparent is the annual revenue growth. It is expected to steadily increase by 5% in the coming years. This means that Tire City has strong operating cash flows to fund its day-to-day operations. Additionally, Tire City, Inc has improved in total asset turnover over the years, suggesting that they are indeed growing their revenue in proportion to sales. Also, their net margin, gross margin, and return on equity have stayed constant over the years.It is good that there has been no significant decrease in these ratios. Furthermore, their noteworthy sales growth from ’93-’97 suggests they are finding ways to bring in more money such as increasing their prices. Another thing to be considered is the inventory turnover and payables period. It could be a concern that the inventory turnover period is at almo st 60 days; however, the payables period has been decreasing over the past few years, which means that Tire City is able to pay off some of their debt to creditors more frequently.Also, the company’s current ratio has been improving with only a slight drop in 1996. This proves the company has liquidity and is having no problem generating cash. Plus, it is apparent that the company has more assets than equity as the years move forward, meaning that they are trying to lower their financial leverage and their level of risk as they continue to grow. All things considered, I would be comfortable loaning funds to Tire City, Inc to finance their growth for it seems they have the resources necessary to pay back this loan in the future.

The Children Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2500 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Act Essay Children Essay Did you like this example? Question 1 When looking at the threshold, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s important that all factors are taken into consideration. The NSPCCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research indicates that fewer than three children under the age of 10 were seriously injured or seriously injured every week. To give Lucy a fair overview, it will be important to take into account all facts concerned with Peter. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Children Act" essay for you Create order For the local authority to get a care order, there are certain provisions which must be met. Part IV of the Children Act gives power to local authorities to apply for care orders. This will need to be done via adjudication at the court who has jurisdiction. A supervision order lasts 12 months, with potential extensions for up to three years (block 2). There are certain conditions that must be met in order for the court to consider an order. A court will only make a decision subject to the criteria of Section 31 (2) of the Children Act 1989 being met. Whether a child is suffering significant harm, or is likely to suffer significant harm; and the harm is attributable to The care given to the child, or likely to be given to him if the order were not made, not being what it would be reasonable to expect a parent to give to him; or The childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s being beyond parental control. The definition of harm is defined under Section 31 (9) of the Children Act 1989. It is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ill treatment or the impairment of health or developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Harm is a subjective term. It is attributable to emotional and psychological harm, and does not just relate to physical injury. In the case of Humberside County Council v B [1993], the definition of significant was given its dictionary form. In the case involving Re M (A Minor) (Care Order: Threshold Conditions) [1994], the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"is sufferingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was interpreted by the House of Lords as to no whether a child is suffering in the present, but whether the child has suffered within the past. If the child is likely to suffer harm, the local authority must show this. In the case involving Re H and R [1996], the House of Lords declared that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"likelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is defined as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"real possibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Once the threshold has bee n met in relation to harm, the court must rule that it is attributable to the order. Beyond parental control is outlined in s 31(2)(b)(iii). This demands the court to establish that the child is suffering due to the decisions made by the child in contravention of the parentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ wishes. The standard of proof in this is the balance of probabilities (more likely than not). In Re B (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof) [2008] it was ruled that the standard of proof must be met in order for judgment to be perceived in relation to s31(2) and/or s1 of the Children Act 1989 must be met, in order for the balance of probabilities to be met. By looking at the facts surrounding Peter, it will allow for an overview as to whether the threshold has been met. When looking at the definition of harm, as outlined by the House of Lords in the cases involving Re (A minor) (Care Order: Threshold Conditions) [1994] and Re H and R [1996], ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clear what the wo rds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sufferingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"is likely to sufferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ mean. Harm does not just mean physical harm, although the in case of Peter, there has been physical harm due to the neglect of Peter (personal injury). ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s imperative to distinguish whether Sarah is suffering significant harm, or is likely to suffer significant harm. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clear that due to the negligence of Peter, Sarah has suffered detrimental effects to her physical wellbeing. Despite there being a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"child lockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on the bottle of methadone, Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligent actions have caused harm to Sarahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wellbeing. Section 21 (2) (b) (11) states that the court will satisfy the threshold criteria if the harm is attributable to the child being beyond the control of the parent. In Peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, this is a pertinent point. Peter is upset and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"distraughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by his actions. Although Peter did not intentionally mean to cause harm to Sarah, the negligence which caused harm is enough to satisfy the criteria of being beyond the control of the parent. In conclusion, it is likely when perusing the facts, that an order will be made, Peter was negligent and put Sarah in great danger with the methadone. If Sarah had consumed more, the severity of the injuries would have been increased. The harm was attributable beyond the parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clear that Peter was shocked by his actions, although this is not a viable defence as the child was harmed pursuant to the regulations set out in section 31 of the Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Act. Peter is still taking methadone as a recovering drug user, which would indicate that Sarah has a chance of suffering harm in the near future without an order being made. Question 2 There is a general consensus in society that punishment should match the crime. The differing theories that exist, is that a person should punished in accordance with the crime, and upon deliberate wrong doing. Using the theories in reader 2 allows for a subjective overview as to whether punishment should fit the crime. The analysis will also be covering different areas of punishment and societal developments, proportionality, and retributive theories. Proportionality in modern society is a logical method which assists the correct balance between punishment and crime. Proportionality is used to convey the belief that the punishment should fit the crime. The law surrounding retributive justice is that punishment is unjust. The main aim of punishment is retribution. It is conveyed to defend the authority of the law, whilst providing justice to a criminal. In the UK, retribution has highly evolved periodically. This theory is somewhat outdated, and unrepresentative of justice in the United Kingdom. There is a retributive theory which somewhat justifies c apital punishment, in certain circumstances, however the right to life is a fundamental right. Article 2 of the ECHR have stated that there is a fundamental right to life. Whilst the UK is a member of the ECHR, protocol 13 states that the death penalty will never be brought back to the UK, as it will coincide with a right to life. Some theorists argue, that the biggest deterrence for murder is the death penalty, although within modern society, it is believed that the biggest deterrent for murder is taking away the freedom and liberties of the criminal. In some jurisdictions, punishments coincide with the severity of the crime, for example under sharia law a thief may have their hand cut off; this is seen as being representative of the crime, and will prevent further thefts. However, this is somewhat outdated in modern society, it is seen unrepresentative against human rights to inflict the same level of pain upon the victim, despite many leading theorists believing it is deserved as an act of deterrence. Deterrence is a form of preventing offenders from committing a certain type of crime, as the offender is aware of what the punishment will be. Individual deterrence is being outlawed by the courts to stop a person becoming a repeat offender, by trying to show that it is not within their interest to committee the crime. The 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s saw a rise of unit fines. These fines were scaled from unites 1 to 50. The scale was to determine the severity of the crime committed. Courts would make judgements based upon the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s weekly income, and how much would be paid. However, this system was seen as unjust, it would favour the rich whereas the poor would suffer. If a wealthy individual was to commit a summary offence, in theory their income would not be to decreased, where as a less wealthy individual would feel the punishment more. General deterrence is simply portrayed to try and scare people to not commit crime. If an individ ual is fully aware of the punishment, is it seen that it will deter them from breaking the law. Using the example in reader 2, it shows that general deterrence does not always work. In Barbados, the sanction for murder, is automatic death penalty. However, the high level use of firearms and incidents involving murders has not have a complete deterrence upon the crime of murder and still to this day, there is a widespread use of firearms. In some jurisdiction, the death penalty is still in existence. It is now seen that the death penalty for the offence of murder is somewhat outdated and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t represent justice. Justice for murder offenders is now seen by life-imprisonment and taking away the freedom of the offender. Should a person in this day and age receive the death penalty for murder, it is seen that the will not have his freedom taken away, and will not suffer in a just way. The theory behind rehabilitation is to prevent an offender from committing offe nces in the future.. A classic example can be seen for young offenders. Courts will always look to rehabilitate a young person, where possible to ensure that they become a well-adjusted member of society. However, rehabilitation is not available to every offender. Some might argue that providing a criminal with education and counselling is not representative of justice, however it has been proved from rehabilitation that it does work. An example can be seen with the use of drug users. Drug users are sent by the court to undertake drug rehabilitation courses, to prevent any repercussions in the future. There are many sanctions available to the court. Imprisonment has been in use since 1795-50 BCE in Babylon. Within the past 200 years, prisons have been built across the world. Prisons are seen to provide justice and take away the freedom of the criminal. Philosopher Michel Foucalt believes that the development of prisons have been instigated by the middle-class, whom are trying to dominate and prevent lower-class aberrant behaviour (Block 2, p.48) Conversely, society has had an increasing view that the development of prisons are demonstrating the humanitarian view of society. The terms life imprisonment does not necessarily mean just that. Offenders are given a minimum 20 years imprisonment before being eligible for parole. The minimum sentence for life imprisonment up until the Criminal Justice Act 2003, was set by the home secretary, however some ruled that a politician should not be making sentencing structures and that the court with jurisdiction of a case should. In the infamous case involving James Bulger, the convicted killersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ lawyer argued in the European Court of Human Rights that Venables and Thompson had not had a fair trial, and that there trial contravened their human rights, more specifically: Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Lawyers argued that the sentence was unfair due to the need for a fair hearing by a independent tribunal. Fines are another way to serve punishment. Fines are seen as a fair punishment in low summary offences. Fines take away money from the hard working. Examples of fines can be seen within traffic violations. Speeding tickets are often seen as a way to prevent individuals from speeding again and to prevent road safety. There are also additional sanctions to speeder in England and Wales, proven by the deployment of penalty points. Penalty points are a good way to deter individuals from speeding in the future. However, should there be repercussions, prosecution will follow, and the severity can lead to a disqualification of license, thus taking away liberties of the accused. A community rehabilitation order was named under the Powers of Criminal Courts Sentencing Act 2000. The concept surrounding a community order is to treat each criminal individually and to apply sanctions in respect to the sentencing structure. Such punishments may include unpaid work or rehabilitation courses. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 introduced the punishment of formal cautions. It is seen as a punishment containing both rehabilitation and deterrence. A person of good character who has committed a minor summary offence, is often given a second chance. Upon this caution they must not commit any further criminal activity, or face a more serve punishment. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 introduced the Sentencing Council for England and Wales in 2010. This was used to create a sentencing structure for England and Wales to ensure that consistency was used to create within court proceedings. This replaced the sentencing Advisory Panel and the Sentencing Guidelines Council. Courts will need to take into account the seriousness of the offence. The Sentencing Council (SC) and Criminal Justice Act 2003 (CJA) states that the judge will need to consider whether the offender has previous convictions, and what sanction was applied. Section 143 (1) CJA 2003 st ates that the seriousness of the crimes has to be determined by looking at the culpability and the harm that was caused or was capable of being caused. Courts must take into account if any aggravating or mitigating factors. Aggravating factors include working in a gang, repeated crimes against the victim and abusing a position of trust. Mitigating factors are of a lower level of culpability, and some examples include playing a minor role in committing the crime or provocation. Once charges have been brought against an individual, the defendant will need to enter a plea. Generally a guilty plea will result in a shorter sentence, usually one-third deduction of the sentence. Another area of crime, is corporate crime. This includes corporate manslaughter, pursuant to the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. Corporate manslaughter arises due to breaches of health and safety. Corporate crime, doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t always surround personal injury. The Sunday trad ing laws are a good example of this. If a company trades for more than outlined within the act, they may find themself with a fine. The maximum fine being  £50,000. The shop has committed an offence by trying to earn more profit by opening more hours than allowed, and as a result the company will receive a fine and have profits taken off them, this is generally perceived a fair sight of justice. In conclusion, its clear that societal developments have changed the approach to punishments. While it is clear that in the jurisdiction of the UK that the death penalty has been abolished, it is still at large today. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clear that in the UK a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ punishment would be taking away the liberties and freedom of the criminal as opposed to prevent him from serving punishment over time by the means of the death penalty. It is important that offenders are given the correct rehabilitation and deterrence, to ensure that society develops an overview as to the harsh punishments put before them, if they were to commit a crime. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clear that legal personality doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t just apply to individuals; companies throughout the UK are bound by certain laws, giving them a direct personality. Word Count: 2481 Bibliography The Open University (2012). Reader 2 . The Open University, Milton Keynes, The Open University. 134-136. The Open University (2012). Block 5 Sanctions. The Open University, Milton Keynes, The Open University. 39-74. Bagaric, M. (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Punishment and sentencing: A rational approach, London, Cavendish.